Surveying provides the framework upon which the built environment is constructed. Roads, bridges, utilities, housing developments and industrial projects all depend on precise measurements carried out by professional surveyors. The equipment chosen for these tasks directly affects accuracy, speed and the safety of teams working on site.
Over the last three decades, the industry has moved through a period of remarkable change. Manual total stations, once the standard, have gradually been overtaken by robotic and hybrid solutions that combine mechanical precision with digital processing and software integration. These innovations have reduced the need for large survey teams, improved accuracy and created entirely new possibilities for data capture, such as 3D scanning and cloud-based collaboration.
At Hitechniques, we have supplied the Irish market with surveying instruments and technical services since 1991. Our customers range from DIY users and construction professionals to large-scale quarries, renewable energy projects and engineering firms. As the authorised distributor for GeoMax in Ireland, we not only provide instruments such as manual and robotic total stations, GNSS and RTK equipment, but also deliver training, hire services and calibration support. This combination ensures surveyors have the confidence to adopt new technology and apply it effectively to their projects.
This article traces the journey of surveying equipment, from the early reliance on manual total stations to the advanced robotic solutions available today. It also looks forward to the technologies shaping the future and explains how Hitechniques continues to play a central role in supporting professionals across Ireland.
Key Takeaways
- Manual total stations laid the groundwork, pairing EDM with angular measurement, but needed multiple operators and manual effort.
- Technological advances (optics, sensors, GNSS, batteries, software) unlocked more accuracy and paved the way for automation.
- Robotic total stations allow single-operator workflows, motorised prism tracking, faster project delivery and fewer errors.
- Integrated systems combining GNSS/RTK, data-logging and modern software platforms enable hybrid workflows and richer outputs.
- Emerging frontiers like 3D scanning, cloud connectivity, and digital twin capabilities are transforming survey deliverables.
Did you know that switching from manual to robotic total stations can reduce field crew size by up to 40 per cent?
Early Surveying Tools and Manual Total Stations
Surveying has long relied on the ability to measure distances and angles with precision. For centuries, surveyors used chains, tapes and compasses, often combined with theodolites to measure horizontal and vertical angles. These tools demanded significant skill, time and manpower, but they laid the foundations of modern surveying practice.
The development of electronic distance measurement (EDM) in the mid-20th century revolutionised the field. EDM technology employed light or infrared beams to measure distances more accurately and far faster than manual chains or tapes. This advance paved the way for the total station, an instrument that combined EDM with angular measurement in one unit.
Manual total stations quickly became indispensable across construction and civil engineering. Their operation required at least two people: one to aim and record readings at the instrument, and another to hold a prism or reflector at the measurement point. The process included:
- Aiming the telescope at the prism.
- Recording horizontal and vertical angles.
- Triggering the EDM to measure distance.
- Writing down or logging results manually.
These instruments provided excellent accuracy, often within millimetres, but they were labour-intensive. Any miscommunication between operators could cause errors, and data still had to be transferred to processing software back in the office. Despite these limitations, manual total stations represented a major leap forward from traditional methods and remain in use today where budgets are tighter or simplicity is preferred.
Technological Advances That Paved the Way
The leap from manual to robotic solutions was made possible by a series of incremental but important innovations.
- Optics and sensor improvements: Sharper telescopes, better angle encoders and more reliable EDM sensors increased accuracy and reliability.
- Digital electronics: The introduction of onboard memory and integration with handheld data loggers reduced transcription errors and sped up office processing.
- Battery technology: Longer-lasting and rechargeable batteries allowed surveyors to spend entire days in the field without interruptions.
- Software integration: Data could be imported directly into CAD and GIS packages, creating a smoother link between fieldwork and design.
- GNSS positioning: Although initially limited by accuracy, GNSS technology offered surveyors an alternative for establishing control points and large-scale positioning.
Accessories also played a role. Lightweight tripods, sturdier poles, and reliable prisms all contributed to more efficient workflows. At Hitechniques, we continue to supply these essentials, ensuring surveyors can rely on complete solutions, not just the core instrument.
The Rise of Robotic Total Stations
Robotic total stations marked a decisive turning point in the evolution of surveying. Unlike their manual predecessors, which required at least two operators, robotic instruments are designed for single-person use. A motorised mechanism automatically locks onto and tracks the prism, while the surveyor controls the instrument remotely using a field controller.
How robotic total stations transform workflows
In a traditional manual setup, one operator would manage the total station while another held the prism at the measurement point. Communication between the two was essential, and mistakes could occur if instructions were misheard or data was noted incorrectly. Robotic total stations eliminate much of this inefficiency. A single operator can move freely around the site with the prism, taking measurements that are instantly captured and stored digitally.
This transformation has a clear effect on productivity:
- Smaller field crews: one person can complete tasks that once required two or three.
- Faster project delivery: surveys can be completed in significantly less time, often reducing overall field time by 30–40 per cent.
- Digital accuracy: automatic data capture reduces transcription errors.
- Flexibility: surveyors can switch easily between layout, monitoring and topographic tasks.
An example from Hitechniques’ range
The GeoMax Zoom95, supplied by Hitechniques, demonstrates the advantages of robotic technology. It offers motorised automation, automatic prism tracking and compatibility with both Windows and Android field controllers. Combined with software integration, this allows surveyors to manage projects with a high degree of control, even in demanding field conditions.
Balancing benefits with challenges
Robotic systems do come with challenges. The initial investment is higher than that of a manual total station, and surveyors require training to make full use of the advanced functions. Regular calibration and servicing are essential to maintain accuracy. Battery life and field conditions must also be managed carefully.
Despite these considerations, the overall return on investment is strong. Reduced labour costs, faster project turnaround and greater accuracy lead to long-term efficiency gains for firms that adopt robotic total stations. For surveyors in Ireland, the availability of local sales, training and servicing from Hitechniques ensures these challenges are well supported, making the transition smoother and more cost-effective.

Integration with GNSS, RTK and Software
Modern survey workflows rarely rely on just one technology. Instead, surveyors often combine robotic total stations with GNSS and RTK systems.
This hybrid approach allows:
- GNSS to establish control points quickly and efficiently.
- Robotic total stations to take over where higher accuracy and line-of-sight measurements are required.
- Software to integrate data from multiple sources, producing comprehensive results for clients.
Field controllers and cloud-based platforms now allow surveyors to check data on site, share it instantly with colleagues and feed it into design workflows with minimal delay.
At Hitechniques, we provide both GNSS/RTK instruments and the accessories needed to make these integrations seamless, including poles, prisms and data loggers. With this combination, surveyors can switch smoothly between methods, choosing the most efficient tool for the task at hand.
Emerging Frontiers in Surveying
The future of surveying is increasingly defined by automation and digital capture. While robotic total stations already provide significant improvements, the industry is moving further towards integrated and data-rich solutions.
Developments shaping the next stage
- 3D scanning and digital capture: Hitechniques supports surveyors with 3D scanning services that provide comprehensive site data. This is invaluable for applications such as building information modelling (BIM), quarry stockpile measurement and structural monitoring.
- Proprietary innovations: GeoMax solutions such as MOS (Multi Observational System) and XRTK improve accuracy and adaptability, ensuring surveyors achieve reliable results even under challenging conditions.
- Cloud connectivity: Remote access, data sharing and collaboration are becoming central to modern projects, enabling teams to work together in real time regardless of location.
- Digital twins: The ability to create a complete digital replica of a site allows ongoing monitoring and analysis, giving stakeholders a more accurate picture throughout the lifecycle of a project.
These advances highlight that surveying is no longer just about capturing measurements. It is now about producing rich datasets that support planning, design, construction and maintenance.
Practical Impacts for Surveyors and Organisations
Investing in robotic and integrated surveying solutions has tangible benefits:
- Cost savings: reduced field teams and faster workflows lead to lower project costs.
- Accuracy: high-precision measurements reduce disputes and rework.
- Safety: less time spent in potentially hazardous locations, such as roads or unstable ground.
- Skills development: surveyors now build expertise in data handling and software alongside traditional measurement skills.
For many firms, the decision to move from manual to robotic systems comes down to balancing initial cost with long-term return on investment. By partnering with Hitechniques, surveyors gain not only access to equipment but also the training and support needed to maximise efficiency.
Challenges and Limitations
Despite their advantages, robotic and advanced systems also bring challenges:
- Higher purchase costs compared to manual instruments.
- Calibration and servicing requirements, which must be carried out regularly to maintain accuracy. Hitechniques provides this service locally in Ireland.
- Battery dependence, requiring surveyors to plan fieldwork carefully and carry backups.
- Large datasets, which must be processed, stored and managed effectively.
These challenges highlight the importance of choosing the right supplier. Having access to hire options, technical support and training ensures that limitations are minimised and surveyors can focus on delivering results.

Case Example: Transitioning from Manual to Robotic
Consider a construction firm in Ireland that had relied on manual total stations for many years. A typical job required a two-person crew: one at the instrument, another handling the prism. Fieldwork often took a full day, and manual note-taking meant additional time was needed in the office.
After upgrading to a robotic total station:
- A single operator could complete the same survey in less than a day.
- Data was captured digitally, removing the need for manual transcription.
- Labour costs were reduced by approximately 40 per cent over the course of a project.
- Survey teams were redeployed to other tasks, improving overall productivity.
While training and initial investment were necessary, the long-term gains were clear. The company achieved a return on investment within a short period, and the quality of deliverables improved. This example illustrates why more and more firms are making the transition.
Manual vs Robotic Total Stations

Timeline: Key Milestones in Surveying Technology
- Chains and Compasses (Ancient–19th Century): Provided the first systematic way to measure land, though limited in accuracy and dependent on manual effort.
- Theodolites (16th Century onwards): Introduced precise angular measurement, establishing the foundation of modern surveying.
- Electronic Distance Measurement (1960s): Replaced tapes and chains with instruments using light and radio waves, drastically improving speed and accuracy.
- Total Stations (1970s–1980s): Combined EDM with theodolite functionality in one instrument, simplifying workflows and improving productivity.
- Robotic Total Stations (1990s–2000s): Motorised instruments capable of tracking a prism automatically, enabling one-person surveying and reducing field crew sizes.
- GNSS and RTK (1990s onwards): Added satellite-based positioning with centimetre-level accuracy, creating opportunities for hybrid workflows.
- Digital Data Capture (2000s): Instruments began storing and transferring data digitally, reducing transcription errors and streamlining integration with CAD.
- Integrated Solutions (2010s): Introduction of 3D scanning, LiDAR and cloud-based collaboration allowed surveyors to deliver detailed models and share results instantly.
- Future Trends (2020s and beyond): Use of digital twins, AI-driven automation and innovations such as GeoMax MOS and XRTK are pushing surveying into an era of richer data and seamless connectivity.
Hitechniques Role
Since 1991, Hitechniques has been supplying surveyors, engineers and construction professionals in Ireland with trusted measurement solutions. We are proud to be the authorised distributor for GeoMax equipment, providing both manual and robotic total stations as well as GNSS/RTK instruments.
Our offering goes far beyond equipment sales. We provide:
- Calibration and servicing from our Irish facilities.
- Hire options for short- and long-term needs.
- Technical support to keep surveyors working effectively.
- Training to help clients adopt new technologies with confidence.
Our customer base spans DIY enthusiasts, construction professionals, quarries, wind farms and large engineering firms. In every case, our goal is to provide the right tools and the right support to ensure accurate and efficient results.
Conclusion: Robotic Total Stations
The journey from manual total stations to robotic solutions represents a major step forward in surveying technology. Accuracy, efficiency and flexibility have improved dramatically, and the ability to integrate GNSS, RTK and 3D scanning means surveyors can now achieve results that were previously unthinkable.
Looking ahead, we expect to see further automation, improved digital capture, and even tighter integration of data across platforms. For organisations, the key will be to invest wisely, train staff effectively, and work with trusted partners.
At Hitechniques, we are committed to helping surveyors embrace these advances, ensuring they have the equipment, support and training needed to succeed in a rapidly evolving industry.
Discover how Hitechniques can equip your projects with robotic total stations and provide the expertise to deploy them with confidence. Contact us today to find out more.
Glossary of Key Terms
- EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement): Technology that uses electromagnetic waves to measure distances quickly and accurately, replacing manual tape or chain measurements. Essential to the development of total stations.
- GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System): A satellite-based positioning system that allows surveyors to determine exact coordinates anywhere on Earth. Often combined with total stations for hybrid workflows.
- RTK (Real-Time Kinematic): A GNSS correction technique providing centimetre-level accuracy in real time, critical for precision engineering and construction tasks.
- Prism: A reflective device used with total stations to return measurement signals. Robotic stations automatically track the prism, allowing one-person operation.
- Robotic Total Station: A motorised and remote-controlled total station capable of tracking prisms and recording data digitally, reducing the need for multiple operators.
- LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): A scanning technology that measures millions of points using laser pulses, producing detailed 3D models of sites and structures.
- Digital Twin: A virtual model of a physical site or asset created from survey data. Increasingly used in construction and infrastructure management to monitor conditions and simulate scenarios.
- BIM (Building Information Modelling): A digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility, which integrates survey data into wider design and project workflows.
- Control Point: A known, fixed reference point used as the basis for survey measurements. Establishing accurate control is vital for both manual and robotic surveys.
Further Reading
- Survey identifies trends in profession’s use of tech: A 2024 RICS survey analysing how emerging technologies are being adopted in surveying, highlighting opportunities and barriers.
- Improving Surveying Efficiency by Using Robots and Precision Positioning: Case study-style article showing how robotic surveying and precision positioning improve speed and accuracy in construction layouts.
- Efficiency of Terrestrial Laser Scanning in Survey Works: Research assessing applications of LiDAR in site modelling, deformation monitoring and stockpile measurement.

